CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL RECOGNITION OVER TRADITIONAL ADAT COMMUNITY WITHIN THE MULTICULTURAL COUNTRY OF INDONESIA: IS IT A GENUINE OR PSEUDO RECOGNITION
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30742/perspektif.v20i2.164Keywords:
budaya, hukum adat, negara, cultural, adat law, stateAbstract
Indonesia dikenal sebagai negara multikultural di Asia Tenggara dalam faktor etnis, agama, ras dan stratifikasi sosial. Hal ini Bhinneka Tunggal Ika, yang tercermin dalam semboyan resmi negara untuk menggambarkan keragaman sosial dan budaya Indonesia. Keragaman mengacu pada konfigurasi budaya yang mencerminkan identitas Nasional Indonesia, mengandung modal budaya dan kekuatan budaya. Namun, keragaman budaya menghasilkan konflik yang berpotensi menghasilkan disintegrasi sosial akibat perselisihan antar-etnis dan antar agama yang dapat mengakibatkan disintegrasi Indonesia sebagai Bangsa. Pandangan dari antropolog hukum, sumber konflik didasarkan pada kebijakan diskriminatif yang menyatakan bahwa hukum negara dan peraturan perundang-undangan sesuai dengan pengakuan dan perlindungan eksistensi masyarakat lokal, yaitu masyarakat adat tradisional tersebar di wilayah tersebut. Dengan demikian, undang-undang negara disahkan dan diberlakukan oleh emerintah cenderung mendominasi dan meminggirkan serta mengabaikan hak-hak masyarakat lokal, khususnya atas akses dan kontrol sumber daya alam mereka bergantung berdasarkan hukum adat di wilayah tersebut. Penulisan ini mencoba untuk menawarkan jawaban atas pertanyaan mendasar apakah UUD 1945 mengakui dan melindungi masyarakat tradisional dan hukum adat mereka dengan menggunakan pendekatan antropologi hukum dengan tujuan mendapatkan pemahaman yang lebih baik mengenai perkembangan hukum negara dalam negara multikultural menuju hukum yang lebih adil dan merata di Negara Indonesia.
Indonesia is well known as a multicultural country in Southeast Asia in term of its ethnic, religion, racial and social stratification. It is Unity in Diversity, which is reflected in the official motto of the State to describe the social and cultural diversity of Indonesia. The diversity refers to a cultural configuration which reflects the National identity of Indonesia, containing cultural capital and cultural power. However, cultural diversity yields conflict that could potentially generate social disintegration due to inter-ethnic and inter-religious disputes that may result in the disintegration of Indonesia as a Nation State. In the eyes of legal anthropologists, sources of conflicts are based on discriminatory policies expressed within State’s law and legislations in line to the recognition and protection the existence of local communities, namely traditional adat communities spread out in the region. Thus, State laws enacted and enforced by the Government tend to dominate and marginalize as well as ignore the rights of the local communities particularly over access and control natural resources they depend on based on customary adat law in the region. The paper attempts to offer an answer to the fundamental question whether the 1945 Constitution recognises and protects the traditional communities and their customary adat law by employing a legal anthropological approach with the purpose of obtaining a better understanding regarding the development of State law in a multicultural Nation toward a more just and equitable State law of Indonesia.
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